Understanding Blood Pressure and Hypertension

What is Blood Pressure?

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of your arteries, the vessels that carry blood from your heart to the rest of your body. Maintaining a certain amount of pressure is essential for moving blood effectively throughout your body. Blood pressure naturally fluctuates throughout the day and night, typically rising during physical activity and decreasing during rest. However, consistently high blood pressure, even when at rest, can indicate a need for medical attention.

Measuring Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is recorded using two numbers:

– Systolic Pressure: The higher number indicates the pressure in your arteries when your heart is pumping blood.

– Diastolic Pressure: The lower number measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart relaxes between beats.

What is Hypertension?

Hypertension, the medical term for high blood pressure, occurs when your blood pressure remains consistently high. This condition forces your heart to work harder to pump blood, which can lead to severe health complications if left unmanaged.

Risks of High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure is a serious health concern. Normally, arteries are elastic and can adjust to fluctuations in blood pressure. However, chronic high blood pressure can cause arteries to lose their elasticity, becoming stiff or narrow. This condition can facilitate the buildup of fatty deposits (atheroma) and increase the risk of severe cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes. Additionally, untreated high blood pressure can lead to:

– Kidney failure

– Heart failure

– Vision problems

– Vascular dementia

Causes of High Blood Pressure

In most cases, there is no single identifiable cause of high blood pressure. However, several factors can contribute to its development, including diet, lifestyle, and medical conditions. Key risk factors include:

– Age (over 65)

– Family history of high blood pressure

– Smoking

– Excessive alcohol consumption

– High salt intake and inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables

– Lack of physical activity

– Obesity, especially around the midsection

Individuals living in deprived areas and those of black African or black Caribbean descent are also at higher risk. Making dietary changes and increasing physical activity can help manage blood pressure.

Secondary Hypertension

In some cases, high blood pressure is caused by an underlying condition, known as secondary hypertension. Examples include:

– Kidney disease

– Diabetes

– Obstructive sleep apnea, which leads to disrupted sleep

– Certain medications, such as oral contraceptives

– Some over-the-counter and herbal medicines

If you suspect any medication or remedy might be affecting your blood pressure, consult your doctor or pharmacist.

Symptoms of High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure is often called the “silent killer” because most people do not exhibit obvious symptoms. Regular blood pressure checks are crucial for early detection. In rare instances, high blood pressure can cause symptoms such as:

– Blurred vision

– Headaches

– Nosebleeds

Preventing and Managing High Blood Pressure

Adopting a healthy lifestyle is key to preventing and managing high blood pressure. Here are some tips:

1. Healthy Diet: Consume a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Limit salt, sugar, and saturated fats.
2. Regular Exercise: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, such as brisk walking, every week.
3. Maintain a Healthy Weight: Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight can significantly reduce blood pressure.
4. Limit Alcohol and Quit Smoking: Reduce alcohol consumption and avoid smoking to lower the risk of hypertension.
5. Manage Stress: Practice stress-reducing techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises.
6. Regular Check-ups: Monitor your blood pressure regularly, especially if you have risk factors or a family history of hypertension.